Breaking the purity-stability dilemma in pure Cu with grain boundary relaxation

High purity metals are increasingly demanded in modern manufacturing industries, but their processing and applications are limited by a dilemma that purer metals are thermally and mechanically less stable. The reduced stability of pure metals originates from the weakened drag effect of impurity atoms on the mobility of grain boundaries (GBs) that are hard to stabilize without alloying. Following recent studies on stabilizing nanograined metals by tailoring structures of GBs, here we report that structural relaxation of GBs breaks the purity-stability dilemma in pure Cu. Contrary to the conventional impurity effect, thermal stability and hardness of nanograined Cu samples with relaxed GBs increase (rather than decrease) with higher purities. The discovered anomalous impurity effect, owing to suppression of GB relaxation process with impurity atoms, offers an alternative vector to stabilizing purer metals for advanced processing and applications.     

A mechanism leakage model of metal-bipolar-plate PEMFC seal structures with stress relaxation effects

This work addresses the issues of long-term leakage rate prediction, which is crucial for durability study of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). A theoretical model is presented for the leakage rate of compressive seal structures in PEMFCs, based on the combination of three numerical techniques, namely Lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM) simulations for rough wall interfacial gaps, a numerical 3D rough-surface generation technique, and Finite-Element-Analysis (FEA) for micro-contact mechanics of single asperity. The model clearly reveals the quantitative influence of various factors on the leakage rate without any empirical regression coefficients, and therefore can be easily integrated with structural mechanics and aging mechanism analyses. Long term sealing performance comparisons with three types of rubber material identify liquid silicone rubber to have the optimal durability. When influences of water environment are taken into account, an accelerated degradation of sealing performance can be observed after approximately 3000 h of operation. In addition, the effect of stress loss on leakage rate can be effectively suppressed by reducing surface roughness, reducing gasket thickness and increasing strain level. The proposed theoretical model provides an effective approach for the design of metal-bipolar-plate PEMFCs seal structures.     

利用迭代方法求解测量平差中的线性方程组

在测量平差中，各种观测量与已知条件以及各种图形几何条件之间可组成条件方程组或误差方程组，并可对方程组线性化。本讨论了迭代法求解条件平差和间接平差方程组的过程，最后形成了各算法的数学模型及相关的程序代码。     

无心外圆精磨机床进给成形辊子的解析计算

针对超精加工机床辊子装置的计算都具有近似性,很难估算计算误差,讨论了无心超精加工机床加工外凸滚子成形时,机床辊子的解析解,拟订了超精加工机床进给辊子成形的算法,弥补了设计无心超精加工机床进给装置一般方法不能进行准确计算的缺陷,采用此方法可以使机床多波度辊子各段具有更为理想的廓形,大大提高了制造外凸度滚子的精度。     

Production scheduling under uncertainty of an open-pit mine using Lagrangian relaxation and branch-and-cut algorithm

ABSTRACT

The life-of-mine optimization of open pit mine production scheduling under geological uncertainty is a computationally intensive process. Production scheduling determines the optimal extraction sequence by maximizing net present value (NPV). In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to schedule an open pit mine under geological uncertainty, where instead of solving the whole problem at once, the production schedule is generated by sequentially solving sub-problems. The sub-gradient method is used to generate the upper bound solution of a Lagrangian relaxed sub-problem. If the upper bound relaxed solution is infeasible, a mixed integer programming is applied to the latter solution. The algorithm is validated by solving six problems and is compared to the linear relaxation of the original production scheduling problem. The results show that the proposed algorithm generates a solution that is very close to optimal, with less than a 3% optimality gap. An application at a copper mine, where geological uncertainty is quantified with geostatistical simulations of the related orebody, shows that all constraints are satisfied and an 11% higher NPV is generated when compared to the corresponding deterministic equivalent of the proposed approach, while a 26% higher NPV is generated compared to a common conventional industry approach.     

探讨煤矿井巷竖曲线标定的新方法

针对近几年来煤矿井巷大型竖曲线测量标定和工程使用中存在的问题，根据曲线方程理论，提出了一种简单易行的新方法，即方程铅垂法。用这种方法可求出弦腰线上任一点距竖曲线巷道底板的铅垂距离，从而提高巷道成形精度并方便质量检查。     

方形通风管道中粒子沉积的拉格朗日模拟

采用一维耦合拉格朗日旋涡粒子相互作用模型,数值模拟了7m/s和9m/s空气流速下直径为10~200μm的粒子在水平和竖直光滑方形通风管道内的沉积速度。结果表明,在水平管道中,粒子在管道底部的量纲一沉积速度高于垂直壁面和顶部,沉积速度受摩擦速度和粒径的影响较大;在竖直管道中,对于10~80μm的粒子,量纲一沉积速度随着粒径的增大而增大,对于较大的粒子(粒径约大于80μm),量纲一沉积速度随着粒径的增大而略微减小;流动方向(向上或向下)对粒子的沉积有明显的影响。     

沥青混凝土温度应力试验及其数值模拟

沥青混凝土路面的低温开裂问题一直是道路工程界人士研究的一个热点问题 ,美国SHRP在综合分析了以前各种用于分析、研究沥青混凝土低温开裂问题的试验方法后 ,认为只有约束试件温度应力试验 (TSRST)能正确的模拟路面的现场情况 ,提出采用约束试件温度应力试验 (TSRST)来研究沥青路面的低温开裂问题 ,并对相应的试验标准 ,试验数据的分析、处理等都提出一整套方法。笔者在采用TSRST进行大量试验的基础上 ,指出SHRP提出的温度应力典型曲线的不足 ,提出了完整的温度应力曲线规律。然后探讨了初始温度度和降温速率等对温度应力的影响以及不同材料的低温抗裂性能。最后在分析已有的温度应力计算方法的基础上 ,提出考虑沥青混合料在连续降温过程中的应力松弛效应的温度应力计算方法 ,运用该方法对TSRST试验过程进行了数值模似 ,模拟结果表明所提出的计算沥青混合料在连续变温过程中的温度应力的计算方法是正确的。     

索穹顶结构施工成形理论分析和试验研究

根据索穹顶结构由拉索和压杆组成的几何拓扑关系,提出一种新的施工成形方案——由外及里逐圈按阶段分批调节压杆长度到原长的成形方案;并采用抛物线单元建立已知原长的构件变形后节点坐标与构件内力之间的关系,在此基础上提出了一种基于动力松弛法、控制构件原长求解各阶段平衡态时杆件内力和节点坐标的理论分析方法;最后通过设计加工一直径为5 m的索穹顶模型试验对该施工成形方案的可行性及理论分析方法的正确性进行了模拟和验证。试验结果与理论计算值基本符合,表明基于动力松弛法、控制构件原长的找形分析方法是正确有效的、由外及里逐圈分批调节压杆长度到原长的施工成形方案是可行的。     

Element-clustered form-finding analysis of tree-like structures based on dynamic relaxation

树状结构作为一种外形美观的支承结构，可与自由曲面网壳共同应用于大型公共建筑。采用动力松弛法确定树状支承结构与自由曲面网壳的合理形状时，在所得到的树状结构中常会出现低效构件。为此，提出了基于动力松弛的树状结构单元集群找形方法，该方法通过单元集群的方式，使模型中处于同一集群内的单元受力状态相同，这可以有效地避免树状结构与自由曲面网壳联合找形所得结构中出现低效构件。算例分析表明：通过设置单元集群，可以使找形最终所得到的结构中处于同一集群内的构件轴力分布均匀，从而保证各分支杆件在传力过程中均能起到积极作用；不同的单元集群方案对应着不同的找形结果，因此，单元集群也可作为调整结构形状的重要手段，在保证结构受力性能良好的基础上为结构设计提供多种方案。